유길준의 인맥에 대한 연구 (1881-1907)
국문초록
수학 시기부터 1907년 귀국 전까지 유길준의 인맥은 크게 보면, 첫째 수학 시기 경응의숙에서 형성한 인맥, 둘째 망명 시기 쿠데타 준비를 위하여 구축된 인맥, 셋째 1906년부터 동아청년회, 일한동지회 계열 인사들과의 인맥으로 나눌 수 있다. 경응의숙에서 수학한 시기는 길지 않았으나, 그 인맥은 두터운 결속력을 가지고 있었고, 동창회를 통해서 학연이 형성되어 있었다. 1894년 갑오개혁기 유길준이 정치계에서 활약하였을 때 이 인맥이 크게 작용하였다고 할 수 있다. 1896년 2월 아관파천에 의해서 망명한 후, 유길준은 새롭게 인맥을 구축하였다. 그 구체적인 움직임으로써 1901년에 쓰인 일기를 통해서 시즈오카, 기후, 홋카이도에서 음모에 가담할 만한 인사를 찾고 있었던 것을 확인하였다. 오가사와라 섬 유배를 거쳐 도쿄로 돌아온 후는 동아청년회, 일한동지회와 행동을 같이하였다. 동시에 동학교단과 관계를 가졌고, 국내에 있는 오세창, 이인직을 통해서 언론에서 의견을 말할 수 있었던 가능성을 지적하였다. 이 시기 야마나시, 나가노, 도야마, 후쿠이를 여행하고 한국 내지와 무역 중매를 하려고 기도하였다. 이러한 것이 가능하였던 것은 국내에 협력자가 있었기 때문이었다.
주제어: 유길준, 인맥, 학연, 주소록, 신자료
Abstract
From the time of his studies in Japan until his return to Korea in 1907, Yu Kilchun’s acquaintances can be divided into three categories: people Yu met during his studies at Keio Gijuku, people Yu met to plan a coup during his exile, and people who participated in Tonga Ch’ŏngnyŏnhoe and Irhan Tongjihoe from 1906.Although his time at Keio Gijuku was not long, the people he met during his studies bonded strongly, and a network of academic contacts was formed through reunions. These connections played a crucial role when Yu was active in the political scene in 1894 during the Kabo Reform period. After Yu left Korea on an exile following Emperor Kojong’s flight to the Russian legation in February 1896, he established a new network of acquaintances. Specifically, his journals from 1901 revealed that Yu was searching for people in Shizuoka, Gifu, and Hokkaido, who would take part in his conspiracy. Since he came to Tokyo after serving his time at the Ogasawara Islands, he worked with Tonga Ch’ŏngnyŏnhoe and Irhan Tongjihoe. Additionally, this paper demonstrated that he had connections with the Tonghak Order, and that it was possible for Yu to express his opinions in the press through O Sech’ang and Yi Inchik, who were residing in Korea. Around the same time, he also traveled around Yamanashi, Nagano, Toyama, and Fukui, and made efforts to facilitate trade between Korea and Japan. Such efforts were feasible thanks to the network of collaborators in Korea.
KeyWords: Yu Kilchun, network of acquaintances, school ties, address book, new materials
Introduction
Yu Kilchun (1856–1914) has been in the spotlight from early on as a member of the Enlightenment Party who left a considerable body of written works. His major work was Sŏyu kyŏnmun (Observations on a journey to the West), which was completed in the spring of 1889 and published in April 1895. Many studies on Yu Kilchun have focused on Sŏyu kyŏnmun and the formation of his ideologies. Studies on his later years include a paper on his educational activities and Hansŏngbuminhoe (Society of Seoul residents), which has not received a lot of attention, and those that attempted to understand even his later years in light of Sŏyu kyŏnmun. However, it is now necessary to approach and examine Yu Kilchun from a new perspective. 1
One of the topics that has been examined to a limited extent was his circle of friends. Studies on this topic have pointed out that Yu Kilchun studied under Pak Kyusu, Kim Okkyun, Kang Wi, O Kyŏngsŏk, and Min Yŏngik in his adolescence 2 and the process of the formation of his ideology was influenced by Fukuzawa Yukichi (福澤諭吉) during his studies in Japan. 3 A former study emphasized the relationship between Yu and Edward Sylvester Morse in connection with the theory of social evolution. 4 Aside from these studies, no other studies address his personal connections. Even several papers that explore his life in detail 5 do not explore his acquaintances in detail other than the people mentioned above. In particular, Yu’s movements after his exile in 1896 up to his return to Korea in 1907 have not been explored much, other than a study on the Hyŏngmyŏng ilsimhoe(One mind association for revolution) incident in 1902. 6
The “Collection of new materials related to Yu Kilchun,” which has been donated by Yu’s descendants and are housed at the Korea University Museum, has important value as historical materials that provide opportunities for research on Yu Kilchun from a new perspective. 7 Among the newly discovered resources, there are three address books that Yu Kilchun used. In addition, two volumes of journals Yu kept during his exile in Japan in 1901 were found as well. Yu’s connections have not been fully explored until now, and these sources reveal the formation of Yu Kilchun’s connections according to different time periods. This paper will examine and analyze newspaper articles and other sources in addition to the address books and journals to examine the type of connections Yu had in his lifetime. 8
The Nature of Newly Discovered Sources: Address Books and Journals
Sources from the “Collection of new materials related to Yu Kilchun” that are used in this paper include address booksand journals. First, of the three address books, one is titled Chiurok (Records of close acquaintances),” and the other two are untitled. These latter address books will be referred to as “Address book 1” and “Address book 2” in this paper.
Figure 1
Chiurok, Address book1, Address book2 (from left)
In Chiurok, there are 454 contact entries for Koreans, 161 for Japanese, and 2 others, reaching a total of 617 entries (including duplicate entries). It can be largely divided into three parts, and the third part makes up a large part of the overall address book. The first part of the address book contains a list of items, such as “name,” “birth year,” “address,” “town and village,” “neighborhood and house number,” “courtesy name or pseudonym,” “occupation,” and “secondary address.” The entries in this part include information under each of the above items. Entries in the second part list names, addresses or details about people. The third part lists names under different surnames, such as “Lee” and “Kim.” The first page displays “Yunghŭi wŏnnyŏn (1907, first year in the Yunghŭi Era), but it seems that only the first part contains information from 1907. For instance, the entry on Yu Chinho (兪鎭浩) in the second part of the address book includes the information that he was “Kanggye kunsu (magistrate of Kanggye county).” However, Yu Chinho was appointed as the magistrate of Kanggye county on July 30, 1908. As for Sŏ Sangmyŏn, “magistrate of Koyang county,” it was confirmed that he was appointed as the magistrate of Koyang county on May 26, 1911. 9 Therefore the contact information recorded in the second and third parts seems to reflect the situations in or after 1911.
Figure 2
Part 1 (1907), Part 2 (In or after 1911), Part 3(In or after 1911) (from left)
Address book 1 was a pocket book that makes distinctions between Koreans and Japanese. There are 35 entries on Koreans, 123 on Japanese, and 3 others. The entry on Tarui Tokichi (樽井藤吉) contains the record “Meiji year 40, year 59 (明治四十年五十九年)”; and the entry on Kohira Kyo (小平矯)displays the record “Meiji year 40, year 51 (明治四十年五十一年).” This shows that the entries were made before he returned to Korea from his exile in Japan in 1907. The changes in his handwriting show that the entries have been recorded over several occasions. However, information about people he met are not recorded in the order in which he met them, which suggests that there is a possibility that he might have re-recorded the entries from another address book or wrote down information from name cards. Address book 1 lists entries with a circle (○) or a check mark (√) over names and contains traces of reorganization.
Address book 2 contains contact information for 36 Koreans. All of them were students studying abroad in Japan, and several or all of them might be students sent from the Tonghak Order. 10 The entries list the items “name,” “family clan,” “address in Korea,” “father’s name,” “date of arrival in Japan,” and “address in Japan” in such order. The entries in this address book seem to have been for student management. These were recorded after Yu Kilchun was released from his exile on the Ogasawara Islands in 1906 up until his return to Korea in 1907. There are no duplicate entries between Address book 1 and Address book 2, which were recorded at around the same period. 11
The entries of people and their contact information from Yu’s address books can be summarized into the following categories in light of the nature of the sources:
Table 1
Categories in Light of the Nature of the Sources
Names appearing in address books |
Relationship with Yu Kilchun |
Example |
In Address Book 1 and Chiurok
|
Has close ties from during the exile (1906–1907) or before |
O Sech’ang Nakamura Tahachiro |
In Address Book 1 but not in Chiurok
|
Seldom in contact after returning to Korea |
Sang Ho Okamoto Ryunosuke |
Not in Address Book 1 but in Chiurok
|
Established or deepened ties after returning to Korea |
Kim Yunsik Ogaki Takeo |
There are exceptions that cannot be sorted into the above categories. Also, the reasons for becoming estranged or becoming friends need to be examined individually. Yu’s immediate family members, such as his younger brother Yu Sŏngjun (兪星濬) and his sons Yu Man’gyŏm (兪萬兼) and Yu Okkyŏm (兪億兼) are not recorded in the address books, while entries of his relatives are recorded in them. Therefore, it is possible to assume that Yu’s relatives whose contact information cannot be found in the address books probably were seldom in contact with Yu.
Other sources from the “Collection of new materials on Yu Kilchun” are his journals: Haengsaek (行索) and Pukyu ilgi (北遊日記).
Figure 3
Haengsaek, Pukyu ilgi (Pukhaenggi, Journal from travels to the North) (from left)
Haengsaek contains journal entries from his travels to Shizuoka and Gifu from February 16 to May 2, 1901. In the first half of the journal, Yu recorded his activities every day in a journal form, while the second half contains poems and prose as well as contact information about the people he met. On the last page was a secret code conversion chart.
The cover page of Pukyu ilgi displays the title Pukhaenggi (Records of travels to the North). It contains entries from his travels to Hokkaido from June 12 to August 3, 1901. Similar to Haengsaek, the first part of Pukyu ilgi contains his activities day by day, while the latter half contains poems, prose, and records of his visits to places. The name “Yu Munhŭi” is written on the cover page, as well as on the back of the cover page, but this seems to have been scribbled by one of Yu Kilchun’s relatives. The content of the journal indicates that Yu was the author of this journal.
These journals are sources that offer insight into Yu’s contacts and connections during the time he planned a coup while exiled in Japan, which will be analyzed in depth in Section 4.
Yu Kilchun’s Studies at Keio Gijuku and the Kabo Reforms
Yu Kilchun enrolled in Keio Gijuku on May 16, 1881, where he remained as a student until December 1882. It is well known that he studied under Fukuzawa Yukichi during this period. His address book contains entries of people from Keio Gijuku:
Okamoto Ryunosuke (岡本柳之助, Add 1-36), Inukai Tsuyoshi (犬養毅, Add 1-34), Kamata Eikichi (鎌田榮吉, Add 1-25), Fukuzawa Sutejiro (福澤捨次郞, Add 1-21;Chi-547), Fukuzawa Ichitaro (福澤一太郞, Add1-26;Chi-612), Ishikawa Kanmei (石河幹明, Add 1-22; Add 1-65; Chi-258; Chi-614) 12
There are more people in the address books who have studied at Keio Gijuku, but the people listed above are those who were at Keio Gijuku during the time Yu was studying there. Since Fukuzawa Yukichi passed away in 1901, his contact information is not listed in the address books. Fukuzawa Yukichi’s sons, Ichitaro and Sutejiro, studied with Yu at Fukuzawa’s house, and are presumed to have been friends with Yu. Ichitaro and Sutejiro left for the United States to pursue their studies in June 1883, two months before Yu himself left for the United States. 13 Yu stopped by Japan on his way to the United States in August 1883 and wrote a letter to Fukuzawa Ichitaro and Sutejiro, informing them of his trip to the United States from Japan when he stopped by on his way to the United States. 14 Yu Kilchun studied under Morse, an American zoologist, and it is speculated that Fukuzawa Yukichi recommended Yu to Morse. The following letter shows Yu’s relationship with Fukuzawa Sutejiro:
…… As for Sutejiro, when he visited your house to enroll in the school in Boston, he received your kind help every time, and I am very grateful. I heard that he visited you almost every day while his stay at Salem, and I was worried that he has pestered you too much…You are also providing room and board for Yu Kilchun, a Korean student. He stayed with me for a long period in Japan last year. Although he does not speak English, he knows of the western civilization. I am very happy to know that he is learning English thanks to you and is advancing in his studies… 15
Fukuzawa seems to have entrusted Sutejiro to Morse and introduced Yu Kilchun to Morse in the same way. Yu was not completely alone when he studied in Salem, as he had been accompanied by a friend, Sutejiro.
Not many entries of people from Keio Gijuku are found in Yu’s address books, but Yu had ties to a number of people from Keio Gijuku. In an interview in 1894, a reporter from Yomiuri Shimbun asked Yu Kilchun, “Since you studied at Keio Gijuku, you must know a lot of elite intellectuals, don’t you?” Yu Kilchun answered, “I was only a student, so I am not acquainted with ministerial level officials. But I am friends with quite a number of people, including my teacher Fukuzawa Yukichi, Obata Tokujiro (小幡篤次郞, 1842–1905), and members of the national Diet, such as Ozaki Yukio (尾崎行雄, 1858–1954), Inukai Tsuyoshi (犬養毅, 1855–1932), and Inoue Kakugoro (井上角五郞, 1860–1938).” 16 All the people Yu mentioned in this interview were from Keio Gijuku, and all of them except for Fukuzawa and Obata were similar in age to Yu Kilchun, which shows that Yu had befriended Japanese students at Keio Gijuku. His friendship with Ishikawa Kanmei (石河幹明) is also speculated to have been formed around this time and continued for a long time.
During the Kabo Reform period (August 1894-February 1896), Yu attended reunions of Japanese Keio Gijuku alumni in Korea. The first school reunion 17 was held on May 12, 1895, at Noinjŏng in Namsan. Over ten people were in attendance, of which Japanese nationals includedKoganei Kenzaburo (小金井權三郞), Takami Hisashi (高見龜), Hozumi Torakuro (穗積寅九郞), Enami Tetsuo (江南哲夫), Sasaki Tadashi(佐佐木正), and a reporter from Jiji Shinpo (時事新報, Times) who was presumed to be Ohara Shinkichi (小原信吉); Korean nationals were Yu Kilchun, Kim Insik, Ŏm Chuhong, Sin Chaeyŏng (Chi-232), Pak Yŏngu, An Yŏngsu, Cho Pyŏnggyo (Chi-439), Yu Sŏngchun, Paek Ch’ŏlyong, and Yi Ch’angryŏl. People who had been invited but were unable to attend included Kim Iksŭng, Hyŏn Yŏngun, Chŏng Hun’gyo, and Chŏng Ran’gyo (Add 1-143; Chi-11; Chi-127; Chi-399). Not all of the Koreans who attended the reunion were people who attended Keio Gijuku but were acquaintances of those who attended the school. The report stated that Yu Kilchun took charge of cleaning up the space and preparing for the reunion, which shows that he was mainly involved with the preparation of the reunion. The second reunion (held on September 1, 1895) 18 was attended by Yu Kilchun, Yun Ch’iho, Hyŏn Yŏngun, Yun Ch’io (Chi-22; Chi-449), Kamata Eikichi (鐮田榮吉), Hozumi Torakuro (穗積寅九郞), Nishikawa Tsutetsu(西川通徹), Ogawa Shinkichi, among others. According to the article that reported the reunion, a total of 22 Koreans and 13 Japanese nationals attended the reunion. The third reunion (held on January 19, 1896) 19 was held as a party in celebration of the New Year at P’asŏnggwan. Korean attendees were Paek Ch’ŏlyong (白喆鏞), Pak Yŏnghun (朴永勳), Ko Yŏnghŭi (高永喜), Hyŏn Yŏngun(玄暎運), Chŏng Chongchin (鄭鍾振), Kim Yŏngch’an (金永燦, Chi-26), Kim Insik (金仁植), Yu Kilchun (兪吉濬), Sin Chaeyŏng (申載永), and Sŏ Chaep’il (徐載弼); Japanese attendees included Nishikawa Tsutetsu (西川通徹), Takami Hisashi, Uchida Sadatsuchi (內田定槌), Kusumoto Taketoshi (楠本武俊), Yamazaki Masahide (山崎正秀), Mariko Hachigoro (閒利子八五郞), Matsumi Tokubun (松見得聞), Koyama Mitsutoshi (小山光利), Mizushima Setsujiro (水嶋節次郞).
Graduates of Keio Gijuku socialized through these reunions, which means Yu Kilchun’s network of acquaintances from school had been formed. Takami Hisashi, Ogawa Shinkichi, Mariko Hachigoro (reporters fromJiji Shinpo), Nishikawa Tsutetsu (Asahi Shimbun reporter), and Yamazaki Masahide (Tokyo Nichinichi Shimbun reporter) gained opportunities to exchange inside information with Korean government officials at these reunions. It is likely that Yu Kilchun also tried to use his ties and connections with the people he met at reunions for government administration.
Because existing address books are records from around 1906, Korean nationals who are listed in Yu Kilchun’s address books are limited to people who were in exile with Yu or people Yu met after he returned to Korea. As a result, it is difficult to determine Yu’s acquaintances during the Kabo Reform period from his address books. Studies have considered Yu to be part of Kim Koengchip (Kim Hongchip) and his circle in 1896, 20 and he is considered to have befriended people who belonged to this circle, including Kim Koengchip, Ŏ Yunchung, Kim Yunsik, Cho Hŭiyŏn, Kwŏn Yŏngchin, Chang Pak, Yu Senam, Yi Tuho, Hwang Ch’ŏl, Cho Kŭmŭng, Hyŏn Ch’ae, Pak Sehwan, Chŏng Mancho, and Kim Ch’unhŭi. In addition, from his activities in the Korean Institute (Chosen Kyokai/Chosŏn Hyŏphoe), Yu seems to have had a broad circle of acquaintances regardless of political differences.
On June 23, 1895, the Korean Institute, an organization to promote good relations between Korea and Japan, was established. 21 Yu Kilchun’s participation in this organization was confirmed, as Jiji Shinpo reported the establishment of this organization in detail. 22 According to the article, the Korean Institute was created with Enami Tetsuo and Kim Insik as founding representatives. They were members of the Keio Gijuku reunion and attended the same school as Yu Kilchun. The inaugural assembly held at Nambyŏlgung (detached palace) was attended by 240 people. The members of the board were selected through Pak Yŏnghyo’s recommendations, and the list of their names is as follows:
Vice president: Kim Yunsik (金允植)
Board members: Yu Kilchun (兪吉濬), Yun Ch’iho (尹致昊), An Kyŏngsu (安駉壽), Kwŏn Chaehyŏng (權在衡), Cho Chungŭng (趙重應), Yi Yunyong (李允用), Yi Ch’aeyŏn (李采淵), U Pŏmsŏn (禹範善), Hwang Ch’ŏl (黃鐵), Yŏm Chungmo (廉仲模), Chŏng Pyŏngha (鄭秉夏), Kim Kachin (金嘉鎭), Sugimura Fukashi (杉村濬), Uchida Sadatsuchi (内田定槌), Okamoto Ryunosuke (岡本柳之助), Ishizuka Eizo (石塚英藏), Tsuneya Seifuku (恆屋盛服), Hozumi Torakuro (穗積寅九郞), Kunimoto Shigeaki (國友重章), Enami Tetsuo (江南哲夫)
Secretaries: Kim Insik (金仁植), Hyŏn Yŏngun (玄暎運), Aoyama Kokei (靑山好惠)
The president was not elected on that day. 23 Other than those listed above, Sin Ŭnghŭi, Yi Kyuwan, Kuroda Takuma (黑田太久馬), and Ogawa Minoru (小川實) attended the assembly. However, these four people and Pak Yŏnghyo were excluded from the association prior to July 27, 1895. 24 A close examination of the attendees show that many reformist officials participated in the assembly, including Kim Koengchip’s faction but also Pak Yŏnghyo’s faction (Pak Yŏnghyo and Yi Kyuwan), the “English” faction (Yun Ch’iho, Yi Ch’aeyŏng, and Yi Yunyong). 25
The first speaker at this assembly was Yun Ch’iho. When Yamada Inotaro (山田猪太郞), as a representative of the Japanese Oriental Society (Toho kyokai), proposed solidarity between the Japanese Oriental Society and the Korean Association, Yu Kilchun responded positively. The Korean Association took off with great strides, but its activities were stalled due to Pak Yŏnghyo leaving on an exile after he was charged with treason on July 6, and the assassination of Empress Myŏngsŏng.
Among the confirmed members of the Korean Association, the following people appear in Yu Kilchun’s address books:
Pak Yŏnghyo (Add 1-133), Kim Yunsik (Chi-1, Chi-374), Yun Ch’iho (Chi-21), Cho Chungŭng (Chi-13, Chi-443, Add 1-131), Sin Ŭnghŭi (Chi-10, Chi-492, Add 1-127), Yi Kyuwan (Chi-338, Add 1-144), Okamoto Ryunosuke (岡本柳之助, Add 1-36), Ishizuka Eizo (石塚英藏, Add 1-55; Chi-85; Chi-550), Tsuneya Seifuku (恆屋盛服, Add 1-32)
Among the people who participated in the Korean Assembly, there were people who had been involved in the assassination of Empress Myŏngsŏng, such as Sugimura Fukashi (杉村濬), Okamoto Ryunosuke, and Kunimoto Shigeaki (國友重章). In Yu’s address books, Miura Goro (三浦梧樓, Add 1-30) and Shiba Shiro (柴四朗, Add 1-9; Chi-566) are also noted as having been involved in the assassination of Empress Myŏngsŏng.
When Emperor Kojong took refuge at the Russian legation, Yu Kilchun was immediately dismissed from his post, and an order was issued for his arrest on the charge of treason. Yu was arrested by Korean policemen in front of Kwanghwamun, but was then rescued by two Japanese employees of the Gazette Bureau (Kwanboguk). 26 As no Japanese officials had taken part in or had the time to take part in rescuing Yu Kilchun, Yu had been unexpectedly rescued by Japanese civilians who had no knowledge of his arrest. Yu and others hid in the Japanese legation for half a day and escaped to a store owned by a Japanese merchant. 27 He stayed there to observe the development of the situation, and, eventually giving up on staying in Korea, arrived in Hiroshima on April 21, 1896, 28 to seek political asylum.
Yu Kilchun’s Plans for a Coup d’état During Exile
The Hyŏngmyŏng Ilsimhoe (One mind association for revolution) incident was an attempted coup d’état led by Yu Kilchun. 29 As discovered in research by Yun Pyŏnghŭi, Japanese nationals also took part in this incident. People who were confirmed to have been involved in this incident are as follows:
Katono Ritsu (上遠野栗, Add 1-23; Chi-114; Chi-572), Fukagawa Junichi (深川淳一, Chi-602); Yokoi Tokuichi (橫井德一, Add 1-115)
Previous studies have pointed out that Kondo Kenkichi (近藤賢吉) and Morinaga Shinzo (守永新三) also took part in the incident. However, Inchŏnnaesŏ, 30 which contains information regarding the planning of the coup, reveals that there were several hundred Japanese nationals who were devoted to the incident. This suggests that Yu had quite a lot of connections and acquaintances during this time. Address book 1 also contains records of information on people who are considered to have partaken in the planning of the coup. For a closer examination of this incident, this study will now analyze Yu Kilchun’s journals— Haengsaek (From February 16 to May 2, 1901) and Pukyu ilgi (Titled Pukhaenggi on the cover page, from June 12 to August 3, 1901). 31
First, an entry that begins on February 16, 1901, states that Yu went to Mishima, Shizuoka Prefecture, by train the next day on February 17. On February 23, he went to the city of Shizuoka, where he remained for a while, until he went to Kumo Village in Gifu on March 21. Then Yu traveled to Ichinomiya in Nakajima, Aichi, on March 27, and moved to Tsushima on April 9, before returning to Ichinomiya on April 20. The next day, on April 21, Yun went to Osaka and then to Hamamatsu on April 29. The last date mentioned in Haengsaek is May 2, but other sources have confirmed that Yu went to Tokyo at 9:23 on May 4. 32 During his travels, Yu met the following people: 33
In the latter pages of Haengsaek, Yu Kilchun recorded information about people he met. The names mentioned in those pages are listed as follows:
Manabe Makitaro (眞鍋槇太郞), Sawayama Koichiro (澤山好一郞), Ninomiya Yoshima (二宮義嗎), Suzuki Yoshitaro (鈴木義太郞), Yokoi Jinshiro (橫井甚四郞), Nakamura Juhei (中村重平), Uchida*taro (内田太郞), Shimada Yoshikado (島田義廉), Naito Masakari (内藤鉞), Tsuchikawa Eitaro (土川榮太郞), Shinohara Jukan (篠原重瓘), Abe Yoshihito (阿部義人), Yamashita Takashi (山下隆), Fukagawa Yoshihichi (深川義七), Hisamatsu Shin (久松信), Nakamura Toraichi (中村寅一), Hayashi Myojiro (林妙治郞), Oniwa Hirataro (大庭平太郞), Fujita Chomin (藤田長民), Terada Shintaro (寺田信太郞), Shimamoto (島本, forgot first name), Miura (三浦, forgot first name), Yamaguchi Yoichi (山口餘一), Watanabe Jutaro (渡邊壽太郞)
The underlined names have not appeared in the text of the journal. This means that Yu encountered a considerable number of people who do not appear in journal entries.
Table 2
The People Yu Met During His Travels 34
Name |
Notes |
Name |
Notes |
Kim Ŭngwŏn (金應元, Chi-347) |
Feb.16–May4 Traveled with Yu Kilchun |
Yu Hyŏngno (柳赫魯, (Add 1-146; Chi-121) |
Feb.17 Meal |
Watanabe Jutaro (渡邊壽太郞) |
Feb.17 Visitor |
Yamaguchi Yoichi (山口餘一) |
Feb.18 Former member of the Diet, visitor |
Tanaka (田中) |
Feb.18 Former member of the Diet, visitor |
Shimamoto (島本) |
Feb.18 Visitor |
Miura (三浦) |
Feb.18 Visitor |
Terada Hokotaro (寺田彦太郞, Add 1-40) |
Feb.24 Visitor Mar.5 Food |
Fujita Chomin (藤田長民) |
Feb.25 Captain, food |
Oniwa Hirataro (大庭平太郞, Add 1-39) |
Feb.25 Chivalrous, food |
Suzuki Yoshitaro (鈴木義太郞) |
Feb.25 Visitor |
Nakamura Toraichi (中村寅一, or Toraichiro (寅一郞)) |
Mar.3 Visitor Apr.29 Visitor Apr.30 Yu stayed at his house |
Terada Jusaku (寺田壽作) |
Mar.6 Visitor |
Matsui Yoshiyuki (松井義之) |
3.8 Visitor |
Fukagawa Yoshihichi (深川義七) |
Mar. 21 Yu stayed at his house |
Kajiwara (梶原) |
3.23 Police chief, visitor |
*hara (原) |
Mar.23 Visitor |
Tsuchikawa Eitaro (土川榮太郞) |
4.3 Had a meal |
Manabe Makitaro (眞鍋槇太郞) |
Apr.9 Visitor |
Yamashita Takashi (山下隆) |
4.12 Visitor |
Tamura (田村) |
Apr. 15 Visitor |
Kiwŏn (杞園, Add 1-147) |
4.21 Came to meet Yu |
According to Pukyu ilgi, on June 12, Yu Kilchun bought a train ticket at Ueno Station and went to Aomori City on a night train. He was accompanied by Kato Takeie (加藤武家), Kato Takeotsu (加藤武乙), Fukagawa Junichi, Sudo Genjiro (須藤源次郞), and Sato Tadashi (佐藤正). At 5:30 pm on June 13, they arrived in Aomori City, boarded the ship Hyogo- Maru at midnight, and arrived in Hakodate at 8:30 am on June 14. There, Yu and his party were joined by Kim Ŭngwŏn. They all went to Sapporo on June 16 and stayed at Yamamoto’s house. On June 19, Yu attended Keio Gijuku reunion and stayed at Kim Ŭngwŏn’s house. He traveled to Esashi on July 9 and then to Bessho Village in Otaru on July 27. The last entry in Pukyu ilgi was written on August 3, 1901, when Yu was staying at Otaru. The people Yu met in his travels during this period are as follows:
Table 3
The People Yu Met in His travels 35
Name |
Notes |
Name |
Notes |
Kato Takeie(加藤武家) |
Jun.12 – Aug.3 Presumed to have accompanied Yu Kilchun |
Kato Takeotsu (加藤武乙) |
Jun. 12 – Aug. 3 Presumed to have accompanied Yu Kilchun |
Fukagawa Junichi (深川淳一, Chi-602) |
Jun. 12 – Aug. 3 Presumed to have accompanied Yu Kilchun |
Sudo Genjiro (須藤源次郞, Add 1-19) |
Jun. 12 – Aug. 3 Presumed to have accompanied Yu Kilchun |
*Sato Tadashi (佐藤正, Add 1-33) |
June 12 – Aug. 3 Presumed to have accompanied Yu Kilchun |
Yamamoto (山本) |
June 14 Yu called on the phone, stayed at his house June16 Yu followed him to Sapporo and stayed with him |
Kikumoto Naojiro (菊本直次郞) |
June 14 Bank clerk. Invited to interview June 16 Visitor |
Kim Ŭngwŏn (金應元, Chi-347) |
June 14 – Aug. 3 Presumed to have accompanied Yu Kilchun |
Ueda Ichitaro (植田一太郞) |
June 17 Food |
*Izaka Shinkan (井坂眞幹, Add 1-18) |
July 3 Met |
*Matsumae Jo (松前讓, Add 1-17) |
July 9 Yu visited, food July 10 Food July 11 Food July 12 Food July 15 Food July 29 Food |
Imaizumi Katsutaro (今泉勝太郞) |
July 9 Meal July 11 Meal July 15 Meal July 17 Meal |
Asai Seikan (淺井淸規, Add 1-42; Chi-175; Chi-538) |
July 9 Food July 10 Food July 15 Food |
Tazawa Kenzo (田澤健藏) |
July 9 Meal |
Sawada Genko (澤田玄弘) |
July 9 Food |
Nozaki Harasaburo (野崎原三郞) |
July 9 Meal |
Sumitani Shohei (住谷尙平) |
July 9 Food |
Sekikawa (關川) |
July 11 Meal |
*Nagataki Matsutaro (永瀧松太郞, Add 1-41; Chi-613) |
July 12 Food July 18 Visitor July 29 Food |
Horita Kinpei (堀田均平) |
July 15 Yu stayed at his house |
Suwa (諏訪) |
July 15 Food July 17 Food |
Oshima (大島) |
July 18 Visitor |
Cho Hŭimun (趙羲聞, Add 1-140) |
July 27 Visited from Osaka |
|
|
During his stay in Hokkaido, Yu received letters from Izaka and Omura on June 23, from Sang Ho on June 24, and from Cho Chungŭng on July 27. Cho Hŭimun came from Osaka to visit Yu on July 30 and found accommodations at the official residence of the Seventh Field Force. Entries from July 30 and July 31 contain secret codes, “Oigudutaguno (오이구두타구노)” and “Nikkachikkoaryŏ (나까치꼬아려)” respectively. After the travels recorded in Pukyu ilgi, information on Yu can be found in Inchŏnnaesŏ, which reveals seditious schemes in statements such as “Thank goodness you found like-minded people among military officers for this plan… (August 1901)” and “You have recruited about 200 Japanese peo ple for this plan… (October 1901).”
In other words, Yu Kilchun traveled throughout Japan from February to August in 1901 to prepare for a coup d’état in Korea, and several people Yu met during his travels in Japan were actually involved in the coup, one major participant of which was Fukagawa Junichi (深川淳一). Yu visited Gifu since it was Fukagawa’s home, 36 and it is speculated that Yu visited Hokkaido because Fukagawa’s sister, who married Yamamoto, was living in Hokkaido. 37 In Address book 1, there are names of people who were recorded as residents of Otaru, Hokkaido. These include Soeda Hitsu (添田弼, Add 1-44) and Nakatani Ukichi (中谷宇吉, Add 1-45), which suggests that Yu probably met these people on his trip to Hokkaido. Among those involved in the coup, Katono Ritsu (上遠野栗) is from Akita, the hometown of Izaka Shinkan, who sent a letter to Yu and also met him in person. Tsunematsu Ryukei (恒松隆慶, Add 1-1) published Hokkaido shisatsudan(Stories of visits to Hokkaido)in 1897. And although Yu did not meet him on this trip, Karo Takejiro (加藤武次郞, Add 1-54) is presumed to be related to Kato Takejiro and Kato Takeie.
Figure 4
The Travle Route and Staying Period of Yu Kiljun
Banishment to the Ogasawara Islands and Return to Tokyo
After the coup d’état failed, Yu Kilchun was banished to the Ogasawara Islands. Yu’s letters at this time were all censored, and there are some records of senders and recipients. 38 A comparison of their names on the records and Yu Kilchun’s address books reveal the following lists of names:
During his exile on the Ogasawara Islands, only a small number of people stayed in touch with Yu Kilchun, considering his broad personal ties and connections. And information on most of the people who remained in touch with Yu is difficult to find. There are possibilities of Koreans using Japanese names or aliases, or contacting Yu through their acquaintances rather than directly contacting him. 39 However, it is impossible to further explore and examine these possibilities.
Table 4
Yu Kilchun’s Address Books Reveal the Following Lists of Names
People whose names are found in the address books |
Kim Yŏngchin (金英鎭, Add 1-138; Chi-245; - Chi-300; Chi-587), Kondo Keijo (近藤圭三, Add 1-20), Yoshimura Yoshichi (吉村要質, Add 1-62), Katono Ritsu (上遠野栗, Add 1-23; Chi-114; Chi-572), Sang Ho (尙灝, Add 1-136), Shinohara Ryokai (蓧原亮海, Add 1-53; Chi-562), Sudo Konjo (須藤今三, Chi-152), Sudo Genjiro (須藤源次郞, Add 1-19), Suzuki Jojo (鈴木錠藏, Add 1-27; Add 1-123; Chi-84; Chi-578), Chang Pak (張博, Chi-3) Yuk Chongyun (陸鍾允, (Narita Nobuo, 成田信雄), Add 1-142; Chi-523), Cho Chungŭng (趙重應, [Yoshimi Jintatsu, 吉見仁達], Add 1-131; Chi-13; Chi-443), Shimura Jiro (志村次郞, or Shimura Fumijiro [志村文次郞], Chi-558), Asanuma Sadaichi (淺沼禎一, Chi-147; Chi-272), Arai Tokuichi (荒井德一, Add 1-115) |
People whose names are not found in the address books |
Takashima Yubi (高島指), Kudo Iwamatsu (工藤岩松), Kikuchi Yamazaburo (菊地山三郞), Omura Tomozo (大村智三), Oyama Tadaaki (大山忠章), Oyama Ansho (大山安正), Tamaki Ryukichi (玉木留吉), Uno Yoshitaro (宇野義太郞), Yi Sŏnjae (李璿在), Kawashima Sadajiro (川島定次郞), Shimizu Yoshimoto (淸水義質) |
During his exile, Yu Kilchun stayed on the Ogasawara Islands for about four years, from May 1902 to March 1906. It seems that he interacted and communicated with the residents of the islands, as contact information for Azaka Taichiro (阿坂多一郞, Add 1-37), Ari Kotaro (阿利孝太郞, Add 1-38), and Samejima Seijun (鮫島正純, Chi-145; Chi-553), who were residents of the islands, can be found in his address book. Moreover, when Yu passed away, Amenomori Testunojo (雨森鐵之丞) and Okumura Shigeru (奧村茂), who were from Hachijo-jima, an island located north of the Osagawara Islands, sent condolence letters to Yu’s family. 40
Yu left the Ogasawara Islands and arrived in Tokyo on March 21, 1906, and stayed at Cho Hŭiyŏn’s house. 41 Afterwards, Yu worked with Cho Hŭiyŏn in most matters. A year later, on March 7, 1907, an excerpt from an unfinished manuscript of Yu Kilchun’s “Chŏngch’ihak” (Political studies) was published in Mansebo (Independence News). 42 None of the previous studies explored the background to the publication of “Chŏngch’ihak” in Mansebo.
The process of the publication of “Chŏngch’ihak” in Mansebo can be explained by Yu’s relationship with the people involved with Tonga Ch’ŏngnyŏnhoe (East Asian Youth Association) and Irhan Tongjihoe (Japan-Korea Friendship Society). 43 Tonga Ch’ŏngnyŏnhoe was founded in Tokyo on September 10, 1904, and the founding organizers are as follows:
Nakamura Tahachiro (中村太八郞, Add 1-9; Chi-566), Ishikawa Yasujiro (石川安次郞, Chi-112; Chi-593), Yamaji Yakichi (山路彌吉, or Yamaji Aizan [山路愛山], Add 1-67), Higuchi Hideo (樋口秀雄, Chi-107), Maruyama Nagato (丸山長渡), Hokaku Zenkyo (寶閣善敎), Kato Masaharu (加藤正治), Takimura Ayao (瀧村斐男), Kutsumi Yasutada (久津見息忠), Anezaki Seiji (姊崎政治), Chinese: Fan Yuanlian (范源廉), Lu Shifen (陸世芬), Wang Rongshu (王榮樹), Yang Du (楊度), Li Yuan (黎淵)
The names of main founding organizers, Nakamura Tahachiro, Ishikawa Yasujiro, Yamaji Aizan, and Higuchi Hideo, can be found in Yu Kilchun’s address books. Besides the names mentioned above, Nakamura Miroku (中村彌六, Add 1-57; Add 1-110), Ueno Yasutaro (上埜安太郞, Add 1-12), Kanazawa Shozaburo (金澤庄三郞, Add 1-14; Chi-564), and Kaji Jueikichi (加治壽衛吉, Add 1-60) from Yu’s address books were also members of Tonga Ch’ŏngnyŏnhoe and Irhan Tongjihoe. 44
The first time Korean nationals participated in Tonga Ch’ŏngnyŏnhoe was at the fifth social gathering of the association on January 15, 1905. The names of the participants are unknown. Yi Inchik (李仁稙), Cho Minhŭi (趙民熙) who was the Korean minister to Japan, and interpreter Pak Yŏngsun (朴永純) attended the association’s regular meeting on March 5, 1905, and Cho Chungŭng and other Korean students who were studying abroad in Japan attended the welcoming reception for Ishikawa Yasujiro upon his return to Japan on March 5, 1906. Yu Kilchun also attended the spring convention held in 1907. According to Ishikawa’s journal, Ishikawa and Nakamura Tahachiro met with Pak Yŏnghyo and Yu Kilchun at Kairakuen. 45 Although Yu Kilchun’s participation in Irhan Tongjihoe has not been confirmed, the Japanese nationals with whom Yu Kilchun often contacted and interacted with were members of the society. 46
Nakamura Tahachiro was a close friend of Tarui Tokichi (樽井藤吉). 47 Tarui’s name (Add 1-108) can be found in one of Yu’s address books because Yu became acquainted with him through Nakamura.
One name of interest in Tonga Ch’ŏngnyŏnhoe and Irhan Tongjihoe is Yi Inchik (李人稙), whose participation in the association and the society began on March 5, 1905. His name does not appear in Yu’s address books. Yu never became acquainted with him since Yi returned to Korea and was working as the editor in chief of Kungmin Sinbo by February 1906. Then in June of the same year, he had become the editor in chief of Mansebo. The first issue of Mansebo was published by Son Pyŏnghŭi (孫秉熙, Chi-533), the leader of Tonghak (Eastern Learning), and the chair of Mansebo was O Sech’ang (吳世昌, Add 1-139; Chi-20; Chi-485), who had joined Yu Kilchun in the Hyŏngmyŏng Ilsimhoe incident.
Yu Kilchun’s relationship with Tonghak can be confirmed in Address book 2. Most of the students studying in Japan, whose names were recorded in this address book, had participated in the Tanji Tongmaeng (Finger Cutting League). 48 The Tanji Tongmaeng was formed in January 1907 by a group of Korean students studying in Japan who sliced off their fingers in protest against the Japan-Korea Treaty of 1905. The list of students who participated in the league is as follows:
Participants in Tanji Tongmaeng from Address book 2 (20 out of 36)
Kim Yunyŏng (金潤英, Add 2-33; Chi-248; Chi-355), Kim Ch’angha (金昌河, Add 2-31), Kim Ch’iryŏn (金致鍊, Add 2-25), Min Chaehyŏn (閔在賢, Add 2-12), Pak Yunchŏl (朴允喆, Add 2-20), Paek Chonghyŏp (白宗冾, Add 2-28), Sŏ Yunkyŏng (徐允京, Add 2-26), An Hŭisŏ (安希貞, Add 2-29), Yang Taekyŏng (梁大卿, Add 2-19), Yu Yŏnghŭi (劉永熙, Chi-88;Add 2-15; Add 2-434), Yi Sŏnkyŏng (李善暻, Add 2-18), Yi Yunch’an (李允燦, Add 2-24), Yi Hŭich’ŏl (李熙澈, Add 2-34; Chi-193), Chang Kyŏngrak (張景洛, Add 2-23), Chang Unryong (張雲龍, Add 2-16), Chŏng It’ae (鄭利泰, Add 2-27), Ch’oe Ch’ungho (崔忠昊, Add 2-22), Han Munsŏn (韓文善, Add 2-21), Han Munŏn (韓文彦, Add 2-30), Ham Chunho (咸俊灝, Add 2-32)
All of the students who had been sent to Japan through the Tonghak Order have not yet been accounted for, but it seems that there were students sent by the Tonghak Order who did not participate in Tanji Tongmaeng. As mentioned earlier, Yu’s Address book 2 contained 36 names, of which 20 were students from the Tonghak Order. There is no information on the other 16 names. Although evidences of Yu’s communication or contact with Son Pyŏnghŭi the leader of Tonghak, have not been found, 49 Yu’s relationship with Yi Inchik, O Sech’ang, and the students sent to Japan through the Tonghak Order suggest that Yu had a point of contact with Tonghak.
The issue of Mansebo published on July 7, 1906, includes an editorial in classical Chinese by Ishikawa. 50 Then another article titled “A copy of Tonga Ch’ŏngnyŏnhoe Newsletter: Cosmopolitanism and Nationalism (Chinese, Yang Du)” (東亞靑年會報謄世界主義與國家主義 [淸國人楊度]) was published. 51 These articles were a result of the relationship among Yi Inchik, Tonga Ch’ŏngnyŏnhoe, and Irhan Tongjihoe. It can be speculated that Yu Kilchun’s “Chŏngch’ihak” was also published in Mansebo through his ties to Yi Inchik and O Sech’ang. There are a number of long pieces of writing in Mansebo, and we cannot completely rule out the fact that one or a few of them might have been written by Yu Kilchun.
Address book 1, the address book that Yu kept before his exile, contains a considerable number of names that have not been mentioned in this paper. It is noteworthy that people who reside in Nagano (長野縣), 52 Yamanashi 52 (山梨縣), 53 Fukui (福井縣), 54 and Toyama (富山縣) 55 are recorded together. Just from the address books, it seems that after Yu left the Ogasawara Islands and arrived in Tokyo, he traveled to the northern Chubu region of Japan. Although the specific details of his travels are unknown, there are documents that show the purpose of Yu’s trip, such as a contract for the sales of medicine (Collection of new materials) between Yu and Hinata Uhachiro (日南田宇八郞, Add 1-100), the manager of Toyama Baiyaku Dogyokumiai (富山賣藥同業組合, Toyama Pharmaceutical Trade Association), signed on December 3, 1906.
Figure 5
Yanjŏngsŏ (Contract, December 3, 1906)
According to this contract, Yu was to purchase medicines from Hinata at 35 percent of the fixed price to sell them in Korea. It is unclear whether Yu Kilchun actually engaged in medicine sales in Korea. Also it is important to note that December 1906 was a time when the possibility of his return to Korea was uncertain. As examined in the previous chapters, Yu was able to express his opinions through the Korean press with the help of O Sech’ang and others. In the same way, it seems that Yu attempted to take part in trade through his ties to the members of the Japan-Korea Friendship Society.
These points to the possibility that Yu traveled through the northern Chubu region for the promotion of industries. Among the residents of Fukui, Yamashima Sharoku (山品捨錄) was the mayor of Fukui City; Kuroda Ijuro (黑田懿十郞) was the director of the Security Division of Fukui; Tsukahara Yoshisaburo (塚原儀三郞) was the deputy mayor of Fukui City; Tsujioka Taku (辻岡卓) was the chair of the city council; and Ishida Rai (石田磊) was the president of Kyu Ni Bank (九二銀行). Assuming from the positions these people were in, Yu Kilchun seems to have been meeting with politicians and men of influence for some kind of movement. Meanwhile, there were no people of political influence among those Yu met in Nagano and Yamanashi. Nakamura Tahachiro, an important member of the Japan-Korea Friendship Association, was from Nagano, and he had been planning on transplanting crops and sericulture from Nagano to Korea through Yu Kilchun after Japan’s annexation of Korea. 56 The residents of Nagano and Yamanashi in the address books are speculated to have been powerful men in commerce, industry, and agriculture sectors in those regions.
Figure 6
Yanjŏngsŏ (Contract, December 3, 1906)
Conclusion
It is difficult to find previous studies that make use of Yu’s address books. While these address books are valuable sources that provide a glimpse into the private sphere of one person’s life, research methodologies that maximize the use of such materials have not been developed yet. In Yu Kilchun’s case, newspaper articles, reports from the government authorities, and journals included in the Collection of new materials provided information that shed light on the relationship between Yu Kilchun and the people listed in the address books.
The content of this paper can be summarized as follows:
From the time of his studies in Japan until his return to Korea in 1907, Yu Kilchun’s acquaintances can be divided into three categories: people Yu met during his studies at Keio Gijuku, people Yu met to plan a coup during his exile, and people who participated in Tonga Ch’ŏngnyŏnhoe and Irhan Tongjihoe from 1906. Although his time at Keio Gijuku was not long, the people he met during his studies formed a strong bond, and a network of academic contacts was established through reunions. These connections played a crucial role when Yu was active in the political scene in 1894 during the Kabo Reform period. After Yu left Korea on exile following Emperor Kojong’s flight to the Russian legation in February 1896, he established a new network of acquaintances. Specifically, his journals from 1901 reveal that Yu was searching for people in Shizuoka, Gifu, and Hokkaido, who would take part in his conspiracy. Since he came to Tokyo after serving his time at the Ogasawara Islands, he worked with Tonga Ch’ŏngnyŏnhoe and Irhan Tongjihoe. Additionally, this paper demonstrates that he had connections with the Tonghak Order, and that it was possible for Yu to express his opinions in the press through O Sech’ang and Yi Inchik, who were residing in Korea. Around the same time, he also traveled around Yamanashi, Nagano, Toyama, and Fukui, and made efforts to facilitate trade between Korea and Japan. Such efforts were feasible thanks to the network of supporters in Korea.
Moreover, this study proposes a new perspective that information on even the people who have been difficult to identify due to the lack of resources can partly be deduced by analyzing the nature of the address books. Since the address books are deemed to have been created after 1906, it is difficult to ascertain Yu’s network of acquaintances from before his exile in 1895. Due to these limitations of sources, most of Yu’s acquaintances explored and revealed in this paper are Japanese.
A network of acquaintances can be considered the foundation of one’s social activities. It can be a crucial factor in restricting one’s actions and activities, which also can be explained by the people in his network. As this paper focused on checking the facts, Yu’s network of acquaintances was not sufficiently explored to discuss how it might have restricted his actions or was relevant to his activities. Regarding this topic, I would like to conduct further research and analyze Yu Kilchun’s network of acquaintances that was formed after his return from exile in 1907.
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